The donor report and the ledger use different logic
Budget headings, cost centres, reporting periods and currencies are mapped by hand at submission. The organisation cannot trace a reported amount back to the transaction population or explain changes between versions.
Eligible activity lacks eligible evidence
The expenditure supported the programme, but timesheets, approvals, procurement records, allocation bases or proof of delivery do not meet the grant terms. A valid operational cost becomes an ineligible-cost exposure.
Indirect costs are overclaimed or left unrecovered
Teams apply one percentage across awards with different rules, or avoid charging shared costs entirely. Neither approach shows which costs are direct, which recovery method applies and where the organisation subsidises the programme.
Sub-grants and currencies break the control chain
Sub-grantee reports arrive without consistent review, while donor-prescribed exchange rates, statutory FX treatment and actual conversion effects are mixed. Restricted balances and foreign-exchange losses cannot be explained by award.